Fast Food Nation Essays

Cheap Food Nation Essays Cheap Food Nation Essay Cheap Food Nation Essay The writer of the book Fast Food Nation is fundamentally an analytical columnist. Being a columnist the creator investigated and completed significant exploration so as to consider the inexpensive food industry. His exploration helped him to think about the last item that winds up on the eatery table right without any preparation I. e. if there should arise an occurrence of meat from the ranch to the last item. The writer consolidated his three years of examination with measurements and other essential exploration and introduced the whole thing in the previously mentioned book. The creator presents the adjustment in the manner industrialized agri-business is done in today’s business situation. The book is partitioned to two significant and various parts. The initial segment of the book which is named as the â€Å"American Way† centers around talking about the historical backdrop of America’s Fast Food industry. This part additionally gives foundation data about the significant quick nourishments of the nation like McDonalds, Burger King Etc, including data about their authors. The rest of the piece of the initial segment of the book examines how the greater part of the once family claimed and independent ventures have gotten celebrated worldwide and how they have become some portion of one’s every day lives particularly, Americans. The second piece of the book examines about the guidelines that have been organized by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and furthermore gives different reports and data about the working conditions at meatpacking plants and the butcher houses. The fifth section of the book talks about the creation of French fries, one of the most loved and requested nibble at an inexpensive food and particularly about an individual named J. R. Simplot. : The purposes behind talking about a particular individual is on the grounds that, it was in his industrial facility which was arranged in Idaho that the majority of the solidified French fries are made and are dispatched to a large portion of the drive-through eateries all over the United States. The creator profoundly digs into the parts of the shading and taste that all the inexpensive food things have. HE likewise uncovers many intriguing, bewildering and rather obscure realities like the taste, smell and shade of the nourishments not being common and how these perspectives for the food are made by utilizing synthetic concoctions and various added substances. In the book, the writer explicitly talks about the effect of cheap food chains on the individuals of United States. The insights introduced by the creator, roughly 33% of the grown-up populace of the United States visits a drive-thru eatery day by day and on a week by week premise a run of the mill American is supposed to be devouring three burgers and four French fry orders. The purpose for introducing the above measurements in this paper is to examine the effects of devouring cheap food on the human body. In spite of the recurrence of eating quick nourishments, the prompt influence that it could have on an individual’s wellbeing is disorder. This is apparent from the way that the writer has introduced in the book which expresses that around 2,000,000 individuals of the United States fall debilitated because of infections brought about by food they expend and right around 900 individuals are hospitalized consistently. Despite the fact that the purposes for the ailments are many, one fundamental driver might be expressed as the manner in which the food is created. After this, the creator begins giving data about the advancement of butcher houses, the working conditions there and so on. As indicated by the book and the author’s contentions, there are a not many drive-thru eateries which offer an incentive to their labor and pay them great wages. Two genuine instances of such reasonable drive-through joints are Conway’s Red Top and In-N-Out. Both these cafés have their own style of getting known in the cheap food industry. In spite of the fact that these two eateries are not as well known as McDonalds and Burger King, they serve excellent food and convey better worth and client assistance. Today, the meat creation in the United States of America has gotten unified because of the abatement in the little ranchers which thus has diminished the quantity of makers of meat. The poisons in the meat creation plant are the underlying driver for the across the board of sicknesses. An across the country study distributed by the USDA in 1996 found that 7. 5 percent of the ground meat tests taken at preparing plants were polluted with Salmonella, 11. 7 percent with Listeria monocytogenes, 30 percent with Staphylococcus aureus, and 53. 3 percent with Clostridium perfringens. These pathogens can make individuals debilitated (Teh World Traveler) (Michael Shugrue) (Sinclair). The book takes the readers’ through an excursion which clarifies about today’s stunning and incredibly degenerate inexpensive food industry. The different facts and happenings in the business which were accumulated through close to home meetings, examinations and so forth were introduced so as to uncover what precisely occurs in the background of the inexpensive food chains. One model is the truth of merciless treatment of laborers and maltreatment of similar specialists at the meat pressing plants. Numerous female laborers in the meat making plants are explicitly irritated by colleagues as well as by bosses. This unmistakably states how perilous the business for female work is. A verifiable truth is that the intended interest groups of the inexpensive food industry are as a matter of fact kids. The children are handily impacted by the eye-getting, substantial and appealing notices alongside the intriguing limited time strategies which the inexpensive food chains use. Market insights uncover that kids are progressively disposed towards a brand name or logo than on their own name. As effectively expressed, numerous individuals today have gotten increasingly slanted towards inexpensive food in light of the straightforwardness and accommodation as well as due to the flavor of the food. Presently the inquiry that emerges here is, the explanations behind quick nourishments being so delectable. The writer of the book has likewise investigated this edge and has introduced the stunts and strategies utilized by the cheap food industry players to make the food amazingly delectable. Fundamentally, the fragrance of the food is exclusively liable for the kind of the food. All together for the nourishments to be fragrant, it isn't essential that they should be really normally. Today’s logical headways have prompted the formation of different synthetic substances which help to make sure about the smell of nourishments falsely as well. This can be comprehended from the accompanying realities which the writer has cited in the book †â€Å"Adding methyl-2-peridylketone makes something taste like popcorn. Including ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate makes it taste like marshmallow. The potential outcomes are presently practically boundless. † Next significant viewpoint is the job of the food’s shading. The cheap food chains utilize a material called Titanium oxide which is really utilized really taking shape of women’s beautifiers so as to give a velvety white shading to a significant number of the handled confections and icings. The majority of the cheap food chains are utilizing shading specialists in a large number of their soda pops, treats and sandwich buns so as to draw in more clients. What does this mean? By utilizing shading operators and synthetic compounds to introduce the food in an alluring manner, the cheap food fastens are attempting to pull in increasingly number of clients to their outlets. Increasingly number of clients implies more cash. At the end of the day, one significant truth that should be comprehended is that clients who go through their well deserved cash in the inexpensive food outlets are really falling prey to numerous harmful infections. All things considered, for the different hurtful exercises done by the inexpensive food chains, the normal man is falling prey in the wake of going through their well deserved cash. Be that as it may, this reality isn't known to the vast majority of the individuals who are accustomed to eating quick nourishments. In one piece of the book the writer cites that â€Å"Flavor mixes some of the time contain a greater number of fixings than the nourishments being given their taste. † It is in reality extremely odd for individuals to understand the realities while getting a charge out of a nibble at any cheap food that they as opposed to appreciating the normal item which is utilized in the arrangement of the item are appreciating a fixing which has been falsely arranged. The way that some substance is utilized so as to control the innovation of taste itself is extremely stunning and obviously clearly new to find. It is surely hard to acknowledge and process the way that today’s time has so changed that even nourishments that are devoured are modified and made lose their creativity by utilizing synthetics and so on. The book acknowledges many shocking and obscure realities which a considerable lot of the cheap food goers don't understand. The vast majority of the individuals who are utilized to quick nourishments eateries would not have any thought regarding the working conditions at the meat pressing plants and butcher houses. The creator presents some extremely amazing and rather pitiable realities of the barbaric working conditions about the laborers at those spots. Indeed, even this data is totally new to numerous individuals. The meat pressing plants and butcher houses are known as hazardous work puts yet not as unsafe spots for someone to work. The working circumstance of the laborers working at the meat pressing plant is so woeful and perilous that the laborers are compelled to wear hard caps and furthermore convey overwhelming junk sends underneath their abdomen coats. The employments of individuals at the slaughterhouses are significantly increasingly despicable. All the laborers, independent of their sex, are made to remain with their garments peeled off and made to carry out their responsibilities of tearing the innards of the cows and so forth. All the laborers here are at genuine danger of losing their lives whenever while they are at work and notwithstanding such merciless working conditions, the cash that they get paid is negligible. One fascinating certainty that can be found in this book is that the vast majority of the positions at the butcher houses are done by hand. With innovation negatively affecting today’s current society, it is fantastic that such merciless

End of Feudalism essays

End of Feudalism expositions In Medieval Europe, governmental issues were sorted out into a strict progression knows as feudalism. This framework commanded Europe for a long time. Numerous elements added to breakdown of the primitive framework. At the point when this request at long last finished it was supplanted by a period known as the Renaissance, which would prompt current Europe. Feudalism depended on two primary ideas. One was the celestial option to administer, where everybody accepted that the pioneer governed in the intensity of God. Along these lines on the off chance that somebody conflicted with them, at that point the individual in question was submitting profanation and ought to be executed. The subsequent idea, known as absolutism, implied that there were no interests for contentions with the pioneers or their choices. At the point when these ideas started to be addressed and even refuted feudalism started to come up short. Feudalism finished for some reasons, a considerable lot of them identifying with an adjustment in economy. With the goal for feudalism to succeed it should have been in a carefully agrarian culture. In this manner its fall started with the ascent of trade. Numerous things helped business in its ascent, for example, religion. The houses of God energized individuals, who might not typically leave their home towns, to wander out on journeys. While on these excursions individuals needed to go through cash. They required food and a spot to remain, ideally close to the houses of prayer. From this made urban communities around the houses of prayer. With the urban communities came exchange, trade, and a business class of individuals. Under these conditions there was no monetary explanation behind feudalism to proceed. This exchanging urged little towns to exchange with each other. In the end individuals were voyaging regularly and continually connecting with different towns. This raised the possibility of regionalism and in the end patriotism. Alongside the exchanging of cash came the sharing of societies, craftsmanship, music, and thoughts with the Islamic world, Mongol Empire, and other outside spots. From these societies Europeans got thoughts like, the letter set, and ide... <!

Baroque Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rococo Drama - Essay Example One of the recognized parts of Baroque artwork was its strange utilization of hues and ornamentations. Such luxuries of expressionism were integral to the soul of the age. The Catholic counter-reformatory motivations brought about a blend of reflection and reality, which showed itself piercingly in progress of Artemisia Gentileschi, the most celebrated of Roman painters in this age. In the domain of our investigation, we will currently look at her celebrated artwork entitled Judith Slaying Holofernes. Topics of ladies freedom and spiritualist illusionism are flawlessly sensationalized in this specific paintwork (Kleiner 662). Gentileschi got her story content from one of the scriptural scenes including the decapitation of the Assyrian general Holofernes by Judith (Spielvogel 477). It may be noticed that the Roman painters were liberally belittled by the English rulers of the time. Thus, there was a feeling of opportunity and promise to flawlessness on the painters’ part. Judit h Slaying Holofernes is no special case to the liquidizing versatility that exemplifies the flowery interpretation of the Baroque taste. Francesco Borromini assumed a spearheading job in strengthening the structural self important of the Italian Baroque. His flawlessly made San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, which is begging as far as its sensational intrigue, is likewise significant of the quintessential Baroque style of engineering. Typically, the Baroque engineering was demarked by a naã ¯ve yet authoritative feel of activation and roominess.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Section I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION The achievement of some inexpensive food chains in Metro Manila is to a great extent because of the reality, that they can convey the fairness of administrations expected of them of the individuals who have rushed existences. These individuals representatives, administrators, common representatives and laborers, understudies and others, rely upon these inexpensive food chains for their food to prop them up for the duration of the day. In this manner volume of clients went to these foundations regular, that causes administration group to remain alert to take care of them particularly during top hours.Customers fulfillment notwithstanding, relies upon the proficiency of their administration team in satisfying the needs of the numerous clients they need to take care of ordinary. No where is the significance of human asset obviously showed than in inexpensive food chains. As indicated by Martines, individuals comprise an organizationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s generally significant and imperative factor in its prosperity or disappointment. Overall, while the human factor decides the two its information and yield, it is additionally its most huge information and even yield in numerous instances.Through and by men, the others cash, machines materials, techniques and markets are gained and used. The quality and use of the last are quite often influenced by choices about and by HR. For sure, the achievement of the objectives of an association relies on the accessibility and usage of every one of these fixings the collaboration of which are individuals caused. The securing, use and advancement of money related, material, mechanical and stamped assets which might be expendable are wards on human resources.If the last is accessible and competent, different variables can be of incredible use to the association. It is through individuals that they can be either bridled and created or disseminated and lost. Man does or fixes what exists, m an makes or by passes openings and situations. Consequently, individuals power is the most critical and intense factor of the considerable number of assets accessible to an association. An association may begin with zero subsidizing, yet with innovative, ingenious, dedicated and legit individuals, it turns out to be monetarily accessible has extremely just begun.The reality that this subordinates can carry out the responsibility well doesn't imply that they vital will. There is consistently the likelihood that the quality and the amount of their work may miss the mark concerning focused on targets. This infers work fulfillments and representatives resolve is reliant on the initiative style of the chief. From these point of view, the investigation receives the idea that authority contributes fundamentally to the achievement or disappointment of the association, by its impacts on the resolve and occupation fulfillment. Explanation OF THE PROBLEMThe focal point of the investigation is to decided the impacts of the administration style of the supervisors of the cheap food chains on the assurance and occupation fulfillments of the administration group. In particular, it look to respond to the accompanying inquiries: 1. What is the profile of the administration team as far as: a. Sex b. Age c. Common Status d. Instructive Attainment e. Experience (As administration group) 2. What is the initiative style of the chiefs of cheap food chain as seen by the administration team? 3. What is the level or level of employment fulfillment of the administration groups? 4.What is the level of occupation fulfillment among the administration teams? 5. Does administration style of supervisors influence the assurance and occupation fulfillment of the administration groups? Suspicions The investigation and the issues progressed in this depend on the accompanying premises: 1. Supervisors of the three cheap food have pretty much comparable administration style. 2. The resolve and employ ment fulfillment are mostly affected or upgraded by initiative style of the chiefs. 3. Supervisors don't receive a solitary administration style. Speculations In connection with the issues and suppositions progressed in the examination, the accompanying theories are tried: 1.Managers has no single or explicit authority style; The administration group are the HR of the inexpensive food chains o who rest the achievement of these association through clients fulfillment. Corresponding to this, the previous looks on the impacts of supervisors initiative on the resolve and employment fulfillment of their administration team of driving cheap food chains (Jollibee, McDonalds and Wendy’s) in Metro Manila. These three inexpensive food chains, Jollibee, McDonald’s and Wendy’s are among the most effectively worked cheap food chains in Metro Manila.They utilize several help groups oversaw and direct by capable directors planned in their distinction branches. In deciding the impacts of these administrators authority style on the resolve an activity fulfillment, the investigation is embraced from the representatives (administration teams) perspective. Reasonable FRAMEWORK According to Lorenzana, regardless of whether the association has been appropriately staffed and laborers have been prepared to where they are suite equipped for working admirably, the chiefs function as an executive (and pioneer) of individuals. The authority style of troughs has no impact on the confidence and employment fulfillment of the administration crews.SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The examination restricted its examination to 120 help teams of the three driving inexpensive food chains in Metro Manila; Jollibee, McDonald’s and Wendy’s. it explicitly centered around the assurance of the impacts of the directors initiative style on the confidence and occupation fulfillment of the administration groups. The study’s significant confinement is the way tha t it doesn't endeavor to make a thorough assessment of different elements that may influence work fulfillment and resolve like working conditions, pay and child on.The concentrate likewise doesn't make an endeavor to look at the manager’s authority styles between the three inexpensive food chains. In this way, the examination is commonly centered as opposed to explicitly engaged, at any rate on the parts of initiative style consequences for the spirit and occupation fulfillment of the subjects. Criticalness OF THE STUDY the investigation is esteemed huge to chiefs, as it deliver through its discoveries, the indispensable point of view on the connection between authority style and occupation fulfillment and resolve among their subordinates.These may fill in as bases for detailing a system of the executives and administration style proper in neighborhood setting point in realizing sound administration rehearses, yet in upgrading more noteworthy effectiveness and profitability a mong Filipino representatives and laborers because of better worker the board relationship. Meaning OF TERMS coming up next are a portion of the terms that are given their operational definitions as indicated by the setting they are utilized in the investigation: Age †It alludes to the sequential are of the respondents as communicated regarding years.Autocratic Leadership †it implies the kind of administration where the pioneer tells and concerns or undermines for compliances; dictator and oppressive. Common Status †it alludes to the status of being single, hitched, bereaved, separated or isolated. Vote based Leadership †Means the initiative that is described by member dynamic and consultative congregations to authorize greater part choice of the gathering. Instructive Attainment †the term implies the most elevated training achieved by the respondents. Experience †as utilized in the examination alludes to the quantity of years the respondents filled in as administration group, communicated in years.Laissez faire †It is a free-rule authority, portrayed by high individuals direction and little assignment direction. Initiative †as utilized in the examination alludes to the conduct of a person who is engaged with coordinating gathering exercises. Authority style †It is the example of conduct intended to incorporate hierarchical and individual objectives and interests in the quest for destinations. As utilized in the investigation it alludes on the conduct receive by a person in coordinating gathering exercises. Spirit †signifies the perspective concerning certainty, fulfillment and cheerfulness.Satisfaction †especially work fulfillment is a general towards ones occupation; the contrast between the measure of remunerations the laborers get and the sum they accept they ought to get. Sex †Refers to the respondents sexual orientation qualities, regardless of whether female or male. Part II REVIEW OF RELATED L ITERATURE In this section, the scientist presents a resume of writing that have essentialness to the current examination. On Leadership According to Plunkett and Attner, in cooperating with representatives in the workplace, a supervisor must assume four essential influential positions; teacher, councilor, judge and spokesperson.All directors must play out the position of authority of instructor. Directors satisfy this job by instructing representatives work abilities just as worthy conduct and authoritative qualities. Chiefs achieve a lot of social training through the execution of their own day by day work. Their work propensities, perspectives and conduct fill in as a good example to all who watch them. Notwithstanding giving instruction, chiefs are eventually liable for the proper preparing of their workers. They may give this abilities preparing straightforwardly or organize it to be given by other.Regardless of who at last plays out the preparation, the supervisors should be pr oficient about preparing standards learning hypothesis, and preparing procedures so as to play out this job. There are numerous open doors for cheap food fasten chiefs to accept this job. The vast majority of them instructs their subordinates on organization activities and arrangements. A second position of authority of a director is councilor. This job includes tuning in, offering guidance and forestalling and taking care of representatives issue. In playing out this job, administrators are satisfying two desires for the workers; 1. Mindfulness and worry for the individual representative; and . Help with taking care of an issue. The advisor job doesn't imply that the supervisor is required to tackle all the representatives

Module 4 and Journal Article Review 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 4 and Journal Article Review 4 - Essay Example Globalization appears not to work well for the maturing populace, since their essential need isn't to increase worldwide association yet a greater amount of the drawn out consideration and annuity benefits which have been drained because of continue different areas for globalization. Weaver (n.d.) states that, â€Å"As the old populace (65 or more) has developed, more analysts are focusing on the extending social needs of the elderly.† This would affect the necessities of other age bunches with the risk of constrained open doors coming up for them. For industrialized nations, an expanding older populace is both a help and a bane. To decide the older as a ramifications of achievement of a nation’s medicinal services administration is an amusing articulation to conceal a retreating issue in a similar sort of administration. All the more older methods more individuals requiring the human services from the administration, and is corresponding to increment budgetary issues. Globalization has influenced the old populace when all is said in done in light of the fact that the financing of these medicinal services administrations is decreased so as to continue different areas, for example, work and mechanical development. Work in a globalized world has additionally influenced the lives of the older, with the ladies as the most influenced (Weaver, n.d.). Oppression old working ladies originated from the idea that ladies age quicker than men with the women’s aptitudes are equal to their age. In the globalization point of view, maturing people are less inclined to be settler laborers since businesses, together with legitimate accreditations, see a prospected employee’s age as significant. In this sense, it tends to be seen that globalization has less advantages coming up for the older. A lopsided populace among the youthful and the old is a consequence of the changing social patterns. Whatever the aftereffect of this social pattern, paying littl e mind to the reasons, it is as yet a social commitment to offer appreciation for the old by supporting their needs. All things considered, current network, as seeking as it seems to be, would not appear without the endeavors of the past ages who put their endeavors in question to manufacture it. There is nothing amiss with universal relations, gave that it opens chances to everybody and not simply the chose rare sorts of people who can possibly contribute to government's capital. Diary 4 Globalization, Women’s Migration, and the Long Term Care Workforce Introduction A significant point made by Brown and Braun (2008) declares that â€Å"population maturing and globalization are proclaimed with both eagerness and caution.† True, that a positive fervor is foreseen each time the advantages of globalization are heard, yet on the opposite side, is the unheard impediments that globalization has especially on the maturing populace and the ladies workforce. In the developing p opulace in the U.S., a huge lump of their registration talks about the foreigners who principally remained in the nation to work. The consequence of ladies relocation to the totality of human services and the maturing populace is gigantic as they give care. Synopsis Brown and Braun’s (2008) article entitled â€Å"Globalization, Women’s Migration, and the Long Term Care Workforce† advises about the effect of globalization to the ladies workforce and populace maturing. They have made an association between two unique circumstances by offering accentuation to the Domestic Long Term Care (DLTC)

America at Mid Century (US History) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

America at Mid Century (US History) - Assignment Example He settled on choices pivotal to war and tranquility of the countries. What is huge about this case isn't just about the youngsters and schools yet in addition about the human propensity to bias individuals as per their race, shading, religion, sex and ethnicity. Around then, racial bias was hardship to the point that blacks are not permitted to enter open offices and to go to same schools. The case is critical as the decision of the Supreme Court to stop racial isolation of the white and dark kids turned into a defining moment of the nation improvement. This decision turned into the reason for the future legitimate arrangements of human rights {Brown versus Board. 2004)). In 1954, the Brown versus Leading body of Education was a lawful dissent on the privilege of the blacks to go to same school with the whites. The decision of the law for the blacks inevitably opened the entryways for equivalent treatment to kids in training and to other open offices. The case turned out to be disputable to such an extent that even President Eisenhower got so concerned and needed to send armed force troops to Arkansas in 1957 at the stature of the isolation emergency. (Chronological registry, p.554) The importance of the Brown Case can at present be felt until this day. Today, shading separation is nearly non-existent and have acknowledged the blacks in the general public in the United States as well as around the world. Truth be told, the United States have chosen the primary dark U.S.

Overview And Analysis Of Aviva Insurance Company Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

AVIVA is a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales. We are one of the worlds leading global insurance groups. We are the fifth largest insurance group in the world, based on gross written premiums for the 2008 year. We are one of the top five providers of long-term insurance and savings products in the UK, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain and one of the top ten providers of long-term insurance and savings products in France, Italy, Hungary and Romania for 2008  [1] CORE BUSINESS BRAND AND PRODUCTS AVIVA products are split into the categories as following: Pensions provide income in retirement for an individual and possibly his or her dependants. This products include personal and group pensions, stakeholder pensions and income drawdown. Annuities pays out regular amounts of benefit, either immediately and for the remainder of a persons lifetime, or deferred to commence from a future date. Immediate annuities may be purchased for an individual and his or her dependents or on a bulk purchase basis for groups of people. Protection protects the policyholder or his or her dependants against financial loss on death or ill-health. Bonds and savings accumulation products with single or regular premiums and unit-linked or guaranteed investment returns. Other, which includes equity release and structured settlements REVENUE The most revenue of AVIVA is long-term insurance and savings business This revenue accounted for over 80% of total company business. Based on report at the end of 2009,  £32.0 billion is total long-term insurance and savings new business sales and investment sales is  £3.9 billion. PROFIT IFRS operating profit (2009)  [2] Income statement data Amounts in accordance with IFRS 2009  £m 2008  £m 2007  £m 2006  £m 2005  £m Income      Gross written premiums 34,690 36,206 30,991 28,735 26,299 Premiums ceded to reinsurers (2,576 (1,841 (1,658 (1,501 (1,317 Premiums written net of reinsurance 32,114 34,365 29,333 27,234 24,982 Net change in provision for unearned premiums 559 277 (21 93 (123 Net earned premiums 32,673 34,642 29,312 27,327 24,859 Fee and commission income 1,789 1,885 1,760 1,870 1,851 Net investment income/(expense) 24,972 (16,043 9,689 15,908 23,722 Share of (loss)/profit after tax of joint ventures and associates (504 (1,128 (304 485 340 Profit on the disposal of subsidiaries and associates 153 7 49 222 153  59,083 19,363 40,506 45,812 50,925 Expenses   Â  Ãƒâ€š   Claims and benefits paid, net of recoveries from reinsurers (27,549 (29,353 (27,121 (23,444 (19,706 Change in insurance liabilities, net of reinsurance (5,682 3,885 (3,508 (2,594 (10,376 Change in investment contract provisions (11,185 10,629 (2,018 (6,002 (7,814 Change in unallocated divisible surplus (1,547 4,482 2,922 (558 (1,474 Fee and commission expense (4,396 (4,411 (4,244 (5,461 (4,330 Other expenses (5,366 (5,416 (3,473 (3,557 (3,166 Finance costs (1,336 (1,547 (1,217 (856 (609  (57,061 (21,731 (38,659 (42,472 (47,475 Profit/(loss) before tax 2,022 (2,368 1,847 3,340 3,450 Tax attributable to policyholders returns (217 1,068 (15 (346 (922 Profit/(loss) before tax attributable to shareholders profits 1,805 (1,300 1,832 2,994 2,528 Tax attributable to shareholders profits (490 415 (334 (594 (630 Profit/(loss) for the financial year 1,315 (885 1,498 2,400 1,898   Per share Per share Per share Per share Per share Profit/(loss) per share attributable to equity shareholders:      Basic 37.8 (36.8 48.9 88.0 73.5 Diluted 37.5 (36.8 48.5 87.0 72.9    Per share Per share Per share Per share Per share Dividends paid per share  24.0 33.0 33.0 30.0 27.3   Millions Millions Millions Millions Millions Number of shares in issue at 31 December 2,767 2,658 2,622 2,566 2,396 Weighted average number of shares in issue for the year 2,705 2,643 2,588 2,469 2,340 Statement of financial position data  [3] 1.4 TREND IN THE NEXT DECADE AVIVAs trend in the next decade is Age demographic trend. Age demographics can influence demand for Avivas different types of products or change pricing models. If a region or countrys demographics lean strongly towards a large proportion of older people, there may be larger demand for pre- and post-retirement insurance, which would affect Avivas sales in terms of volume and type. Age demographics can also influence the pricing models for insurance life Insurance products are more profitable and products return less in countries with low mortality rates. As a result, pricing models need to be adjusted for a country that has growing life expectancy as changing demographics affect, medical severity, and indemnity severity. This trend and any mortality assumptions based on age demographics did not significantly affect business in 2007, 2008, or 2009; however, there will be significant changes with the expansion of Avivas Asia Pacific branch into countries of different age demographic s. 1.5 SUCCESS OF AVIVA SINCE 2007 During 2007, AVIVA acquired subsidiaries in Spain, Italy and the UK in connection with bancassurance agreements with Cajamurcia, Banco Popolare and HSBC. Total consideration for these acquisitions, including costs, was  £397 million. In addition to these acquisitions AVIVA entered into joint venture agreements with local banks in Turkey, Malaysia and Taiwan. Total consideration for these joint ventures was  £208 million. AVIVA disposed of a number of businesses, the most material of which was the contribution of Turkish business, Aviva HE, to Turkish joint venture. This gave rise to a profit on disposal of  £71 million. Other disposals of smaller operations gave rise to a loss on disposal before tax of  £22 million.  [4] During 2008, AVIVA acquired subsidiaries in Ireland, Italy and Belgium. Total consideration for these acquisitions, including costs, was  £189 million. As part of AVIVA strategy to exit non-core operations, AVIVA disposed of HPI Limited and RAC Auto windscreens Limited in the UK and life operations in Luxembourg. Consideration for these disposals was  £126 million, realizing a net profit on disposal of  £7 million.  [5] On 1 October 2009, AVIVA completed the sale of our Australian life and pension business and wealth management platform to the National Australia Bank for A$902 million ( £443 million). On 3 November 2009, AVIVA completed the Initial Public Offering (IPO) of approximately 42% of Delta Lloyd N.V. raising ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬1.1 billion ( £1 billion). AVIVA also enhance the value and liquidity of retained stake in Delta Lloyd. Delta Lloyd, at the start of the year, sold its health business for  £235 million to OWM CZ Groep Zorgverkeraar UA (CZ). Continuing with the groups strategy to exit non-core operations, AVIVA disposed of the British School of Motoring Limited for a consideration of  £4 million.  [6] During 2010, Aviva reported revenues of  £9.13 billion for the first quarte r, which was higher than analysts estimates of  £8.45 billion in revenue. However, worldwide total sales for quarter 1 2010 of  £12.64 billion decreased 1% from the sales of quarter 1 2009 of  £12.78 billion. The worldwide total sales also rose 16% in quarter 1 2010 from quarter 4 2009, when Aviva generated sales of  £10.90 billion. Aviva benefited from a milder winter in Canada but it estimated the total cost of bad weather as  £50 million for the quarter. UK life insurance sales increased 14% and its investment sales increased 143% from the fourth quarter of 2009. In the US, general insurance sales decreased 48% from the sales of first quarter of 2010 due to Avivas focus on a larger profit instead of a larger sales volume.  [7] 2. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY 2.1 Free the Children At Aviva, being a good corporate citizen is essential to long term sustainability. AVIVA provides peace of mind through meaningful insurance products as well as support for communities where employees, customers, brokers and business partners live and work. AVIVA major corporate support is directed to two organizations, United Way and Free The Children. 2.2 Preserving the Environment Managing impact on the environment is another key component of AVIVA corporate responsibility program. Through initiatives to reduce waste and energy, AVIVA has become the first carbon neutral insurer covering worldwide operations. This is done by offsetting our remaining emissions through gaining carbon credits from projects in several countries around the world. AVIVA is engaging with the global challenge to combat climate change and protect the environment. These actions today will affect future generations. Besides that, AVIVA publishs annual group environmen tal performance data against key indicators and targets covering our CO2 emissions, water and waste consumption. AVIVA uses Accounting for Sustainabilitys connected reporting framework, which integrates financial and non financial data to provide a comprehensive account of our impacts. Our carbon footprint boundaries provides clarity on the data what is excluded from our carbon footprint calculations. CRISIS MANAGEMENT As a global company, AVIVA faces a large and diverse number of risks. Each of these risks has the potential to harm financial performance or hinder the achievement of strategic objectives. If AVIVA doesnt manage risk effectively, it is might to miss potential opportunities to further develop and expand business. The type of risks that AVIVA faces are: financial, strategic and operational.  [8] Financial risks cover market and credit risk, insurance risk, liquidity and capital management. Strategic risks include issues such as customer, products and markets as well as any risks to our business model arising from changes in our market and risks arising from mergers and acquisitions. Operational risks arise from inadequately controlled internal processes or systems, human error or non-compliance as well as from external events. Operational risks include taxation, reputation and regulatory risks, such as compliance.  [9] Risk Management Framework AVIVA monitors risks on a regular basis through our Risk Management Framework. The framework includes all risk management processes, systems and tools and helps set standards for identifying, managing and reporting risks and establishing minimum standards for our control environment. This process allows to assess the overall risk exposures AVIVA.  [10] Policies and procedures AVIVA has 35 policies that deal with the management of all risks. These policies define risk appetite and set risk management. Besides that, these policies also control standards for the groups worldwide operations. With equity risk, AVIVA monitors exposures relative to risk appetite and have reduced overall exposures during 2008 by extending portfolio of equity hedges. In orde to manage credit risk, AVIVA measures exposure against centrally set limits, which take account of credit ratings issued by rating agencies. Foreign exchange risk AVIVA set up a policy to face foreign exchange risk is to borrow and derivati ve currency to keep it exposures within these limits. AVIVA hedges specific foreign exchange transaction risks when feeling its appropriate. Besides above risk, AVIVA also has to face to derivatives risk, liquidity risk and some kind of risk in Insuarnce products, such as Insurance Risk Management, Life insurance risk, Longevity risk, Mortality and morbidity risk, Persistency risk, Product design and pricing risk, Expense risk, General insurance risk, Catastrophe risk, Worsening claims ratios, Strategic risks, Operational risks, Supplier risk 4. STRATEGY Our strategy has three key elements: Increasing geographic focus Benefiting from the combination of life and general insurance Building on our core capabilities. This is reinforced by a commitment to clear financial deliverables in the near-term. 4.1 Increasing geographic focus We will focus on 12 markets where we have strength and scale. In determining our focus we will judge markets on their potential to generate both $100 million of IFRS operating profits and a 12% return on capital employed, or $1 billion of franchise value for younger businesses. Europe opportunities focus on eight markets: UK, France, Spain, Italy, Poland, Ireland, Turkey and North America. AVIVA will also focus on growing profits organically in Canada and the US. Besides that, Asia Pacific, China, Taiwan and India are one that we focus on growing franchise value. 4.2 Benefiting from the combination of life and general insurance The combination of our businesses provides capit al benefits by diversifying risks. Aviva can hold 30-40% less capital to write new GI business than the GI business would need to hold on a standalone basis. It is anticipated that this benefit will be reinforced under Solvency II. Building on our core capabilities AVIVA will be succeed by building on four core capabilities: marketing distribution expertise, financial discipline, technical excellence, and operational effectiveness AVIVA strategy gives a clear way forward, but AVIVA is also focused on delivering strong performance in the near-term, so we have set out a number of clear financial deliverables: At least  £1.5 billion operational capital in 2011; Life IRR of at least 12% with payback of 10 years or less; General insurance COR of 97% or better in 2011;  £200 million of cost savings and  £200 million of efficiency savings by the end of 2012. VISION, MISSION, GOALS VISION MISSION AVIVA wants to bring prosperity and peace of mind to our customers through vision: One Aviva, twice the value. By acting responsibly for the long term in how we do business, we will help meet our ambition to provide prosperity and peace of mind to our customers AVIVA aim is for every employee to be able to say At Aviva I am recognized for who I am, and what I contribute matters. Everything AVIVA does revolves around four core values performance, progressiveness, teamwork and integrity. These values capture the day-to-day behaviors we follow, in dealing with each other and with our customers. OUR GOALS Avivas goals is to move company to a global single brand and what it means for customers worldwide. The creation of a single global brand is a key part of delivering One Aviva, twice the value and the implications go far beyond changing the name on brochures or signs.  [11] 5.3 HOW DO WE MOTIVATE OUR EMPLOYEES? AVIVA has a clear purpose to drive a talent leadership and culture-led transformation to deliver exceptional business performance. Aviva has approached this by implementing strategies designed to: Encourage talented people to join Aviva and stay Match the right people to the right roles and take action where there are gaps Empower people to be the best they can be Build pride in Aviva 6. DESIRABILITY AS AN EMPLOYER Working for AVIVA is the dream of so many young peoples, include me. I was attracted to Aviva because of the existing scale of the global business, combined with the strategic vision and ambition to build a global market leading asset manager. Joining an organization that already had a strong platform and broad client base combined with ambitious growth targets provided an opportunity to be part of and contribute to, turning the vision into reality. Aviva provides the opportunity for my development and growth, recognizing individuals with rewarding career paths and a diverse set of opportunities underpinned with clear ldevelopment plans. Aviva is a great place to work and one where I will be recognized as an individual for what I can contribute. Aviva has changed massively from a UK centric organization to a global company. And may be, some days, I will have appotunity to work in UK or some member companies to open my world. Reference sources: https://www.aviva.com/ https://www.wikinvest.com/ https://www.avivainvestors.com/ https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/